CUPPING ACTS ON LOCAL BLOOD FLOW AND LOCAL ANATOMIC STRUCTURE
Interstitial and intravascular flows and their corresponding microenvironments.
A blood vessel is shown, with insets showing the transvascular and glycocalyx regions. By definition,interstitial flow refers to fluid flow around an interstitial cell: a cell attached to extracellular matrix in three dimensions. For endothelial cells, flow within vessels
occurs only on the apical surface. Where there is a glycocalyx, flow might percolate through that network of proteoglycans and cause complex stresses on the cell
surface, but fluid flow is still two-dimensional with respect to the cell surface. However, the intimate cell–matrix–flow interactions at the glycocalyx–cell interface might lead to effects similar to those in three dimensions. Intravascular pressure can drive flow through the vascular wall, but endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells will experience flow stresses through cell–cell connections and
through cell–matrix connections as in true interstitial flow.
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